The effect of whole milk condensation by milk powder effervescent tablet on performance and health of neonatal Holstein dairy calves

Articles in Press

Document Type : Research Article (Regular Paper)

Authors

Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of adding a milk powder effervescent tablet to whole milk on the performance and health of neonatal Holstein dairy calves. Individually housed calves (30 males and 30 females) were randomly assigned to one of three treatments from 0 to 56 d pre-weaning: 1) whole milk, 2) whole milk with 3% milk replacer, and 3) whole milk containing 3% milk powder effervescent tablet. From 56 to 70 d post-weaning, the calves were kept in the experiment until 70 d with the same starter feed. Calves enrolled in the study were fed 6 L/d of pasteurized whole milk in buckets twice daily at 0600 and 1600 from d 0 to 50, followed by morning feeding (2 L/d) from d 51 to 56 of age. Calves were weaned at d 56. Starter consumption, ambient temperature, and the fecal score were recorded daily. Calves were weighed every two weeks from birth until the end of the experiment. Rectal body temperature and frame development were measured on birth, weaning, and the final day of the experiment. The blood sample was taken at 56, and 70 d. Increasing the concentration of liquid feed by milk replacer powder and milk powder effervescent tablet improved body weight, average daily gain, heart girth, withers, and hip height without compromising any negative effects on average blood metabolites, rectal body temperature, average fecal score, and diarrhea duration. Also, increment of milk solids had no significant effects on starter intake during pre- and post-weaning. In conclusion, the condensation of whole milk with milk powder effervescent tablets up to 15.5% could be recommended as it facilitates a more practical concentration of milk for dairy calves. In summary, we strongly recommend using effervescent tablets formulated with milk powder to achieve a concentrated whole milk solution of 15.5%. This method not only enhances the practicality of milk concentration but also benefits the nutritional needs of dairy calves.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Abbaslou, Y., Mahjoubi, E., Ahmadi, F., Farokhzad, M.R., Zahmatkesh, D., Yazdi, M.H., Beiranvand, H., 2020. Short communication: Performance of Holstein calves fed high-solid milk with or without nucleotide. Journal of Dairy Science 103, 11490-11495.
AOAC, 2000. Official Methods of Analysis, 17th ed. The Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
Azevedo, R.A., Lage, C.F.A., Silper, B.F., Diniz Neto, H.C., Quigley, J.D., Coelho, S.G., 2023. Invited review: Total solids concentration in milk or milk replacer for dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science 106, 7341-7351.
Azevedo, R.A., Machado, F.S., Campos, M.M., Furini, P.M., Rufino, S.R.A., Pereira, L.G.R., Tomich, T.R., Coelho, S.G., 2016. The effects of increasing amounts of milk replacer powder added to whole milk on feed intake and performance in dairy heifers. Journal of Dairy Science 99, 8018-8027.
Chester-Jones, H., Heins, B.J., Ziegler, D., Schimek, D., Schuling, S., Ziegler, B., de Ondarza, M.B., Sniffen, C.J., Broadwater, N., 2017. Relationships between early-life growth, intake, and birth season with first-lactation performance of Holstein dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 100, 3697-3704.
Fouladgar, S., Shahraki, A.D.F., Ghalamkari, G.R., Khani, M., Ahmadi, F., Erickson, P.S., 2016. Performance of Holstein calves fed whole milk with or without kefir. Journal of Dairy Science 99, 8081-8089.
Gelsinger, S.L., Heinrichs, A.J., Jones, C.M., 2016. A meta-analysis of the effects of pre-weaned calf nutrition and growth on first-lactation performance. Journal of Dairy Science 99, 6206-6214.
Glosson, K.M., Hopkins, B.A., Washburn, S.P., Davidson, S., Smith, G., Earleywine, T., Ma, C., 2015. Effect of supplementing pasteurized milk balancer products to heat-treated whole milk on the growth and health of dairy calves Journal of Dairy Science 98, 1127-1135.
Hammon, H.M., Liermann, W., Frieten, D., Koch, C., 2020. Review: Importance of colostrum supply and milk feeding intensity on gastrointestinal and systemic development in calves. Animal 14, 133-143.
Heinrichs, A., Jones, C.M., VanRoekel, L.R., Fowler, M.A., 2003. Calf Track: A system of dairy calf workforce management, training, and evaluation and health evaluation. Journal of Dairy Science 86 1155-1162.
Hernández, J., Castillo, C., Méndez, J., Pereira, V., Vázquez, P., Alonso, M.L., Vilariño, O., Benedito, J.L., 2011. The influence of chemical form on the effects of supplementary malate on serum metabolites and enzymes in finishing bull calves. Livestock Science 137, 260-263.
Hill, T.M., Bateman, H.G., Aldrich, J.M., Schlotterbeck, R.L., 2008. Effect of consistency of nutrient intake from milk and milk replacer on dairy calf performance. The Professional Animal Scientist 24, 85-92.
Hill, T.M., Quigley, J.D., Bateman, H.G., Suarez-Mena, F.X., Dennis, T.S., Schlotterbeck, R.L., 2016. Effect of milk replacer program on calf performance and digestion of nutrients in dairy calves to 4 months of age. Journal of Dairy Science 99, 8103-8110.
Iranian Council of Animal Care, 1995. Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
James, R.E., Scott, M.C., 2006. On-farm pasteurizer management for waste milk quality control.  Proceedings of the 10th Conference of Calf and Heifer, Visalia, CA.
 James, R.E., Scott, M.C., 2007. On-farm pasteurizer management for waste milk quality control. Proceedings of the 11th Conference of Calf and Heifer, Burlington, VT.
Júnior, G.F.V., Duranton, C.A.J., de Paula, M.R., Bittar, C.M.M., 2024. Impact of different levels of lactose and total solids of the liquid diet on calf performance, health, and blood metabolites. Animal Bioscience 37, 1031-1040.
Kasl, B.A., Hoff, C.K., Silva, T.H., Caetano, I., Machado, V.S., Carroll, J.A., Ballou, M.A., 2020. Effects of plane of nutrition and as-fed milk replacer temperature on abomasal dynamics in Holstein calves. American Association of Bovine Practitioners Conference Proceedings.
Kellaway, R.C., Thomson, D.J., Beever, D.E., Osbourn, D.F., 1977. Effects of NaCl and NaHCO3 on food intake, growth rate and acid-base balance in calves. The Journal of Agricultural Science 88, 1-9.
Kertz, A.F., Hill, T.M., Quigley, J.D., Heinrichs, A.J., Linn, J.G., Drackley, J.K., 2017. A 100-year review: Calf nutrition and management. Journal of Dairy Science 100, 10151-10172.
Khan, M.A., Bach, A., Weary, D.M., von Keyserlingk, M.A.G., 2016. Invited review: Transitioning from milk to solid feed in dairy heifers. Journal of Dairy Science 99, 885-902.
Khan, M.A., Weary, D.M., Von Keyserlingk, M.A.G., 2011. Invited review: Effects of milk ration on solid feed intake, weaning, and performance in dairy heifers. Journal of Dairy Science 94, 1071-1081.
Kiezebrink, D.J., Edwards, A.M., Wright, T.C., Cant, J.P., Osborne, V.R., 2015. Effect of enhanced whole-milk feeding in calves on subsequent first-lactation performance. Journal of Dairy Science 98, 349-356.
Lemraski, A.D., Ebrahimi, S.H., Mesgaran, M.D., Tahmasbi, A., Seifi, H., 2023. Productive and metabolic responses of Holstein dairy calves to different milk dry matter concentrations and two free water provision schedules. Journal of Livestock Science and Technologies 11, 43-51.
Marudova, M., Jilov, N., 2003. Influence of sodium citrate and potassium–sodium tartrate on gelation of low-methoxyl amidated pectin. Journal of Food Engineering 59, 177-180.
Meyer, M.J., Capuco, A.V., Ross, D.A., Lintault, L.M., Van Amburgh, M.E., 2006. Developmental and nutritional regulation of the prepubertal bovine mammary gland: II. Epithelial cell proliferation, parenchymal accretion rate, and allometric growth. Journal of Dairy Science 89, 4298-4304.
Moallem, U., Werner, D., Lehrer, H., Zachut, M., Livshitz, L., Yakoby, S., Shamay, A., 2010. Long-term effects of ad libitum whole milk prior to weaning and prepubertal protein supplementation on skeletal growth rate and first-lactation milk production. Journal of Dairy Science 93, 2639-2650.
NASEM, 2021. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 8th revised ed. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA.
Niwińska, B., Semik-Gurgul, E., Furgał-Dierżuk, I., Śliwiński, B., Wieczorek, J., 2022. Impact of feeding management strategy on overall weight gain, growth dynamics of selected organs and growth rate and development of the mammary gland in preweaned heifers. Animal Feed Science and Technology 294, 115487.
Norouzi, M., Alamouti, A.A., Foroudi, F., Ahmadi, F., Beiranvand, H., 2021. Performance of Holstein calves receiving increased nutrient intake through the addition of skim milk or milk replacer powder to the whole milk. Animal Feed Science and Technology 278, 114990.
Robertson, J.B., Soest, P.J., 1981. The detergent system of analysis and its application to human foods. Basics in Clinical Nutrition 3, 158-276.
SAS, 2004. SAS User's Guide: Statistics. Version 9.4. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina. USA.
Shen, Y., Li, Y., Wu, T., Dong, Q., Deng, Q., Liu, L., Guo, Y., Cao, Y., Li, Q., Shi, J., Zou, H., Jiao, Y., Ding, L., Li, J., Gao, Y., Hu, S., Wang, Y., Chen, L., 2023. Early microbial intervention reduces diarrhea while improves later milk production in newborn calves. Journal of Dairy Science 106, 5678-5692.
Vanhere, K.G., Derle, D.V., Khatale, S.B., Nangude, S.L., 2023. A comprehensive review on effervescent tablets. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 13, 141-150.
Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B., Lewis, B.A., 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 3583-3597.
Wu, Y., Wang, L., Luo, R., Chen, H., Nie, C., Niu, J., Chen, C., Xu, Y., Li, X., Zhang, W., 2021. Effect of a multispecies probiotic mixture on the growth and incidence of diarrhea, immune function, and fecal microbiota of pre-weaning dairy calves. Frontiers in Microbiology 12, 681014.
Yunta, C., Terré, M., Bach, A., 2015. Short- and medium-term changes in performance and metabolism of dairy calves offered different amounts of milk replacers. Livestock Science 181, 249-255.
Journal of Livestock Science and Technologies

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 15 April 2025

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics