Performance response of neonatal calves to milk enriched with organic iron

Document Type : Original Research Article (Regular Paper)

Authors

Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

Abstract

The current study aimed to investigate the effects of different sources of organic iron (native product in comparison to foreign ones) in the milk on plasma mineral concentration (Fe, Cu, Ca, P, and Zn), body weight, starter intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), health condition, body measurements, and fecal score. Female calves (n=36) were randomly allocated to 3 groups (12 calves per treatment) and fed control milk (no iron supplement) (C), a low dose of iron (LF) consisting of 400 mg of Fe supplementation with the purity of 10% iron (native) and high dose of iron (HF) which had 200 mg of Fe supplementation with 20% purity (foreign). All animals were kept in individual pens and had ad libitum access to starter feed and water during the experimental period. From the first day of age to weaning (56 days), starter intake was measured daily. Body weight, skeletal measurements, fecal score, and health parameters were monitored weekly until weaning age. Calves that received the iron supplements had higher plasma Fe concentration, average daily gain (ADG) and starter intake, in contrast, they had low Cu, Ca, and P content and FCR than the control group. Supplementing milk with iron resulted in improved health status. Results showed that native Fe had the same impacts as the foreign product. There were no notable effects of treatment on skeletal parameters, fecal score, heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature. According to this experiment, applying iron supplements in diets requires taking into account the iron supply via other sources such as milk and or solid feeds. According to this experiment, although calves’ health and performance improved regardless of iron sources, the amount of iron supplied through other sources such as milk or solid feed should also be considered, when using iron supplements in the diet.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

References

Algers, B., Broom, D., Canali, E., Hartung, J., Smulders, F., van Reenen, C., Veissier, I., 2006. The risk of poor welfare in intensive calf farming systems: an update of the Scientific Veterinary Committee Report on the Welfare of Calves. European Food Safety Authority Journal 366, 1-36.
Ali Arabi, H., Zand, N., Bahari, A., Hajivaliei, M., Zaboli, K., 2018. Effect of iron source on performance, some minerals, thyroid hormones and blood metabolites of Mehraban male lambs. Journal of Animal Science Research 28, 77-92. (in persian)
Allan, J., Plate, P., Van Winden, S., 2020. The effect of iron dextran injection on daily weight gain and haemoglobin values in whole milk fed calves. Animals 10, 853-863.
Angelova, M.G., Petkova-Marinova, T.V., Pogorielov, M.V., Loboda, A.N., Nedkova-Kolarova, V.N. and Bozhinova, A.N., 2014. Trace element status (iron, zinc, copper, chromium, cobalt, and nickel) in iron-deficiency anaemia of children under 3 years. Anemia 2014, 718089-718096.
AOAC., 2002. Official Methods of Analysis. 17th Edition, The Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.
Arredondo, M., Núñez, M.T., 2005. Iron and copper metabolism. Molecular Aspects of Medicine 26, 313-327.
Asadi, M., Toghdory, A., Hatami, M., Ghassemi Nejad, J., 2022. Milk supplemented with organic iron improves performance, blood hematology, iron metabolism parameters, biochemical and immunological parameters in suckling dalagh lambs. Animals 12, 510-521.
Atyabi, N., Gharagozloo, F., Nassiri, S., 2006. The necessity of iron supplementation for normal development of commercially reared suckling calves. Comparative Clinical Pathology 15, 165-168.
Bami, M.H., Mohri, M., Seifi, H.A., Tabatabaee, A.A., 2008. Effects of parenteral supply of iron and copper on hematology, weight gain, and health in neonatal dairy calves. Veterinary Research Communications 32, 553-561.
Bostedt, H., Hospes, R., Wehrend, A., Schramel, P., 2000. Effects of the parenteral administration of iron preparations on the iron supply status during the early development period of calves. Tierärztliche Umschau 55, 305-315.
Burfeind, O., Von Keyserlingk, M., Weary, D., Veira, D., Heuwieser, W., 2010. Repeatability of measures of rectal temperature in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 93, 624-627.
Ceppi, A., Mullis, P.E., Eggenberger, E. and Blum, J.W., 1994. Growth hormone concentration and disappearance rate, insulin-like growth factors I and II and insulin levels in iron-deficient veal calves. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 38, 281-286.
Ceppi, A. and Blum, J.W., 1994. Effects of growth hormone on growth performance, haematology, metabolites and hormones in iron‐deficient veal calves. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A 41, 443-458.
Cui, K., Tu, Y., Wang, Y.C., Zhang, N.F., Ma, T. and Diao, Q.Y., 2016. Effects of a limited period of iron supplementation on the growth performance and meat colour of dairy bull calves for veal production. Animal Production Science 57, 778-784.
de Romaña, D.L., Olivares, M., Uauy, R., Araya, M., 2011. Risks and benefits of copper in light of new insights of copper homeostasis. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 25, 3-13.
Diaz, M.C., Van Amburgh, M.E., Smith, J.M., Kelsey, J.M. and Hutten, E.L., 2001. Composition of growth of Holstein calves fed milk replacer from birth to 105-kilogram body weight. Journal of Dairy Science 84, 830-842.
Feitosa, F., Gonçalves, F., 2014. Semiology of the respiratory system of large animals. In: Feitosa, F.L.F. (Eds.), Veterinary Semiology urinary incontinence: the art of diagnosis. 3rd ed. Roca, Sao Paulo, Brasil, pp. 313-331.
Ferreira, L., Bittar, C., Silva, J., Soares, M., Oltramari, C., Nápoles, G., Paula, M., 2013. Performance and plasma metabolites of dairy calves fed a milk replacer or colostrum silage. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 65, 1357-1366.
Franciosi, C., Rocha, T.G., Fagliari, J.J., 2018. Hematological and biochemical parameters of neonatal Holstein calves supplemented with iron. Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira 38, 234-243.
Ghrayeb, H., Elias, M., Nashashibi, J., Youssef, A., Manal, M., Mahagna, L., Refaat, M., Schwartz, N. and Elias, A., 2020. Appetite and ghrelin levels in iron deficiency anemia and the effect of parenteral iron therapy: A longitudinal study. PloS One 15, 0234209-0234222.
Graham, A., Renaud, D., Duffield, T., Kelton, D., 2018. Calf cleanliness does not predict diarrhea upon arrival at a veal calf facility. Journal of Dairy Science 101, 3363-3366.
Gygax, M., Hirni, H., Wahlen, R.Z., Lazary, S. and Blum, J.W., 1993. Immune functions of veal calves fed low amounts of iron. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A 40, 345-358.
Harvey, J.W., 2008. Iron metabolism and its disorders. Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals 6, 259-285.
Heinrichs, A., Heinrichs, B., Jones, C., Erickson, P.S., Kalscheur, K., Nennich, T., Heins, B.J., Cardoso, F., 2017. Verifying Holstein heifer heart girth to body weight prediction equations. Journal of Dairy Science 100, 8451-8454.
Humphries, W., Phillippo, M., Young, B., Bremner, I., 1983. The influence of dietary iron and molybdenum on copper metabolism in calves. British Journal of Nutrition 49, 77-86.
Hurrell, R., Egli, I., 2010. Iron bioavailability and dietary reference values. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 91, 1461S-1467S.
Joerling, J., Doll, K., 2019. Monitoring of iron deficiency in calves by determination of serum ferritin in comparison with serum iron: A preliminary study. Open Veterinary Journal 9, 177-184.
Joslin, R., Erickson, P.S., Santoro, H., Whitehouse, N.L., Schwab, C.G., Rejman, J., 2002. Lactoferrin supplementation to dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science 85, 1237-1242.
Klopp, R.N., Yoon, I., Eicher, S., Boerman, J.P., 2021. Effects of feeding Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products on the health of Holstein dairy calves following a lipopolysaccharide challenge. Journal of Dairy Science 105, 1469-1479.
Kupczyński, R., Bednarski, M., Śpitalniak, K., Pogoda-Sewerniak, K., 2017. Effects of protein-iron complex concentrate supplementation on iron metabolism, oxidative and immune status in preweaning calves. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18, 1501-1512.
Larson, L., Owen, F., Albright, J., Appleman, R., Lamb, R., Muller, L., 1977. Guidelines toward more uniformity in measuring and reporting calf experimental data. Journal of Dairy Science 60, 989-991.
Li, Y., Yang, W., Dong, D., Jiang, S., Yang, Z., Wang, Y., 2018. Effect of different sources and levels of iron in the diet of sows on iron status in neonatal pigs. Animal Nutrition 4, 197-202.
Lindt, F., Blum, J., 1994. Occurrence of iron deficiency in growing cattle. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A 41, 237-246.
Lönnerdal, B., 2010. Calcium and iron absorption—mechanisms and public health relevance. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 80, 293-299.
Lopes, R.B., Bernal-Córdoba, C., Fausak, E., Silva-del-Río, N., 2021. Effect of prebiotics on growth and health of dairy calves: A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS One 16, e0253379-e0253387.
Machado, V.S., Ballou, M.A., 2022. Overview of common practices in calf raising facilities. Translational Animal Science 6, 234-245.
Marcato, F., van den Brand, H., Kemp, B., Engel, B., Schnabel, S., Hoorweg, F., Wolthuis-Fillerup, M., van Reenen, K., 2021. Effects of transport age and calf and maternal characteristics on health and performance of veal calves. Journal of Dairy Science 105, 1452-1468.
Marcondes, M.I., Silva, A.L., 2021. Determination of energy and protein requirements of preweaned dairy calves: A multistudy approach. Journal of Dairy Science 104, 11553-11566.
McFarlane, J.M., Morris, G.L., Curtis, S.E., Simon, J. and McGlone, J.J., 1988. Some indicators of welfare of crated veal calves on three dietary iron regimens. Journal of Animal Science 66, 317-325.
Mee J.F, 2008. Managing the calf at calving time. Proceedings of the 41st Annual Conference, American Association of Bovine Practitioners, North Carolina, USA, 228-230.
Mejia Haro, I., Brink, R.D., Mejia Haro, J., 2009. Effects of inclusion of different levels of iron in lamb diets on apparent absorption and retention of phosphorus. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 8, 19-22.
Mohri, M., Sarrafzadeh, F. and Seifi, H.A., 2006. Effects of oral iron supplementation on haematocrit, live weight gain and health in neonatal dairy calves. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research 7, 34-37.
Mohri, M., Poorsina, S., Sedaghat, R., 2010. Effects of parenteral supply of iron on RBC parameters, performance, and health in neonatal dairy calves. Biological Trace Element Research 136, 33-39.
Mohus, R.M., Paulsen, J., Gustad, L., Askim, A., Mehl, A., DeWan, A.T., Afset, J.E., Asvold, B.O., Solligard, E. and Damas, J.K., 2018. Association of iron status with the risk of bloodstream infections: results from the prospective population-based HUNT Study in Norway. Intensive Care Medicine 44, 1276-1283.
Nakao, M., Yamamoto, H., Nakahashi, O., Ikeda, S., Abe, K., Masuda, M., Ishiguro, M., Iwano, M., Takeda, E. and Taketani, Y., 2015. Dietary phosphate supplementation delays the onset of iron deficiency anemia and affects iron status in rats. Nutrition Research 35, 1016-1024.
Nejad, J.G., Hosseindoust, A., Shoae, A., Ghorbani, B., Lee, B.H., Oskoueian, E., Hajilari, D., Amouzmehr, A., Lohakare, J.D. and Sung, K.I., 2013. Effects of feeding levels of starter on weaning age, performance, nutrient digestibility and health parameters in Holstein dairy calves. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 26, 827-830.
Neuberger, A., Okebe, J., Yahav, D., Paul, M., 2016. Oral iron supplements for children in malaria‐endemic areas. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2, CD006589-CD006718.
NRC., 2001. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7th rev. National Academy Press, Washington DC, USA.
Piccione, G., Casella, S., Pennisi, P., Giannetto, C., Costa, A., Caola, G., 2010. Monitoring of physiological and blood parameters during perinatal and neonatal period in calves. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 62, 1-12.
Podder, R., Glahn, R.P., Vandenberg, A., 2021. Iron-and zinc-fortified lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) demonstrate enhanced and stable iron bioavailability after storage. Frontiers in Nutrition 7, 614812-614823.
Prabowo, A., Spears, J., Goode, L., 1988. Effects of dietary iron on performance and mineral utilization in lambs fed a forage-based diet. Journal of Animal Science 66, 2028-2035.
Qadeer, M.K., Bhatti, S.A., Nawaz, H., Khan, M.S., 2021. Effect of milk or milk replacer offered at varying levels on growth performance of Friesian veal calves. Tropical Animal Health and Production 53, 1-8.
Radostits, O.M., Mayhew, I.G. and Houston, D.M., 2000. Veterinary clinical examination and diagnosis. WB Saunders, London, UK.
Rajabian, F., Mohri, M., Heidarpour, M., 2017. Relationships between oxidative stress, haematology and iron profile in anaemic and non‐anaemic calves. Veterinary Record 181, 265-265.
Ramin, A., Asri-Rezaei, S., Paya, K., Eftekhari, Z., Jelodary, M., Akbari, H., Ramin, S., 2014. Evaluation of anemia in calves up to 4 months of age in Holstein dairy herds. Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi (Istanbul) 40, 1-6.
Rell, J., Wunsch, N., Home, R., Kaske, M., Walkenhorst, M., Vaarst, M., 2020. Stakeholders’ perceptions of the challenges to improving calf health and reducing antimicrobial use in Swiss veal production. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 179, 104970-104980.
Ring, S., McCarthy, J., Kelleher, M., Doherty, M., Berry, D., 2018. Risk factors associated with animal mortality in pasture-based, seasonal-calving dairy and beef herds. Journal of Animal Science 96, 35-55.
Santos, F., De Paula, M., Lezier, D., Silva, J., Santos, G., Bittar, C., 2015. Essential oils for dairy calves: effects on performance, scours, rumen fermentation and intestinal fauna. Animal 9, 958-965.
SAS, 2008. SAS User’s Guide: Statistics. Version 9.2. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina. USA.
Sefdeen, S., 2017. Effect of Dietary Iron on Copper Metabolism of Sheep. Ph.D. Thesis, Harper Adams University, United Kingdom.
Sherwin, V., Hyde, R., Green, M., Remnant, J., Payne, E., Down, P., 2021. Accuracy of heart girth tapes in the estimation of weights of pre‐weaned calves. Veterinary Record Open 8, e16-24.
Tautenhahn, A., Merle, R., Müller, K., 2020. Factors associated with calf mortality and poor growth of dairy heifer calves in northeast Germany. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 184, 105154-105164.
Thavasu, P.W., Longhurst, S., Joel, S.P., Slevin, M.L. Balkwill, F.R., 1992. Measuring cytokine levels in blood. Importance of anticoagulants, processing, and storage conditions. Journal of Immunological Methods 153, 115-124.
Van den Top, A.M., 2005. Reviews on the Mineral Provision in Ruminants (VIII): Iron Metabolism and Requirements in Ruminants. CVB Documentation Report Nr. 40, Centraal Veevoederbureau: Lelystad, Netherland.
Van Niekerk, J., Fischer-Tlustos, A., Wilms, J., Hare, K., Welboren, A., Lopez, A., Yohe, T., Cangiano, L., Leal, L., Steele, M., 2021. ADSA foundation scholar award: New frontiers in calf and heifer nutrition from conception to puberty. Journal of Dairy Science 104, 8341-8362.
Völker, H., Rotermund, L., 2000. Possibilities of oral iron supplementation for maintaining health status in calves. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 107, 16-22.
Walczyk, T., Muthayya, S., Wegmüller, R., Thankachan, P., Sierksma, A., Frenken, L. G., Thomas, T., Kurpad, A., Hurrell, R. F., 2014. Inhibition of iron absorption by calcium is modest in an iron-fortified, casein- and whey-based drink in Indian children and is easily compensated for by addition of ascorbic acid. The Journal of Nutrition 144, 1703–1709.
Wu, S., Li, X., Chen, X., Zhu, Y., Yao, J., 2021. Optimizing the growth and immune system of dairy calves by subdividing the pre-weaning period and providing different milk volumes for each stage. Animal Nutrition 7, 1296-1302.
Wysocka, D., Snarska, A., Sobiech, P., 2020. Iron in cattle health. Journal of Elementology 25, 3.
Xiao, J., Chen, T., Alugongo, G.M., Khan, M.Z., Li, T., Ma, J., Liu, S., Wang, W., Wang, Y., Li, S., 2021. Effect of the length of oat Hay on growth performance, health status, behavior parameters and rumen fermentation of Holstein female calves. Metabolites 11, 890-906.
Yu, B., Huang, W.J. and Chiou, P.W.S., 2000. Bioavailability of iron from amino acid complex in weanling pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 86, 39-52.
Zhang, Y., Wang, Z., Li, X., Wang, L., Yin, M., Wang, L., Chen, N., Fan, C., Song, H., 2016. Dietary iron oxide nanoparticles delay aging and ameliorate neurodegeneration in drosophila. Advanced Materials 28, 1387-1393.
Journal of Livestock Science and Technologies
Volume 10, Issue 2
December 2022
Pages 9-18

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics