Evaluation of cockroach (Periplaneta americana) powder as a potential feed ingredient for ruminants: chemical composition, fatty acids profile and ruminal degradability

Document Type : Research Article (Regular Paper)

Authors

1 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

2 Department of animal science, Ilam agricultural Research and education center, AREEO, Ilam, Iran

3 Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman.

Abstract

This experiment was aimed at determining the chemical composition, fatty acid (FA) profile and degradability of American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) powder (ACP) in comparison with soybean meal (SBM), fish meal (FM), and poultry byproduct meal (PBM). The cockroaches were stored for 2h at -20 ºC, transferred to liquid nitrogen and subsequently grinded. Other samples were dried at 60 ˚C for 48 h. Experimental diets were: (1) control diet (only SBM), 2) diet containing 3% FM, 3) diet containing 3% ACP, and 4) diet containing 3% PBM. Two fistulated Holstein heifers were used for estimation of the ruminal degradability of protein sources and experimental diets. The results indicated that the ACP contained 55.05, 24.55, 3.76, 8.68, and 5.60% crude protein (CP), ether extract, ash, and neutral and acid detergent fiber, respectively. The ACP was rich in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated FAs. There were significant differences in dry matter (DM) and CP degradability among protein sources. The degradability of soluble fraction (a) of SBM and ACP was significantly higher than other protein sources. The potentially degradable DM (b) for SBM was significantly higher. The CP washable fraction ‘a’ was significantly higher for FM and PBM. In contrast, the SBM contained larger ‘b’ which was smaller in FM and PBM. The estimated effective degradability of CP at all rumen passage rates was significantly higher in ACP than other protein sources. No significant differences were observed between the experimental diets in DM degradability coefficients (a, b and c). The control and ACP diets contained higher CP fraction ‘b’ than PBM diet. This experiment clearly showed that the ACP can be a good source of protein and mono-unsaturated fatty acids for ruminants. 

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

References
Abulode, F.O., Folonusho, O.R., 2003. Preliminary studies on millipede: proximate composition, nutritionally valuable mineral and phytate contents. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 2, 68-71.
Abulude, F.O., Folonusho, O.R., Akujaguala, Y.S., Ashafa, S.L., Abalola J.O., 2017. Proximate composition, mineral levels and phytate contents of some alternative protein sources of cockroach Periplaneta americana, soldier ants Oecophylla sp. and earthworm Lumbricus terrestris for use in animal feed formulation. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 2, 43-45.
Ademolu, K.O., Idowu, A.B., Olatunde, G.O., 2010. Nutritional value assessment of variegated grasshopper, Zonocerus variegatus (L.) (Acridoidea: Pygomorphidae), during post-embryonic development. African Entomology 18, 360-364.
Akullo, J., Agea, J.G., Obaa, B.B., Okwee-Acai, J., Nakimbugwe, D., 2018. Nutrient composition of commonly consumed edible insects in the Lango sub-region of northern Uganda. International Food Research Journal 25, 159-166.
AOAC, 2005. Official Methods of Analysis. 18th ed. Association of Official Analytical. Chemists, Washington, DC. USA.
Belanche, A., Pinloche, E., Preskett, D., Newbold, C.J., 2016. Effects and mode of action of chitosan and ivy fruit saponins on the microbiome, fermentation and methanogenesis in the rumen simulation technique. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 92, 1-13.
Belluco, S., Losasso, C., Maggioletti, M., Alonzi, C.C., Paoletti, M.G., Ricci, A., 2013. Edible insects in a food safety and nutritional perspective: a critical review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 12, 296-313.
Bernard, B.J., Allen, M.E., 1997. Feeding captive insectivorous animals: nutritional aspects of insects as food. In: Ullrey D.E. (Ed.), Fact Sheet 003, American Zoological Association Nutrition Advisory Group, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA, pp. 58-64.
Beski, S.S.M., Swick, R.A., Iji, P.A., 2015. Specialized protein products in broiler chicken nutrition: A review. Animal Nutrition 1, 47-53.
Biasato, I., Renna, M., Gai, F., Dabbou, S., Meneguz, M., Perona, G., Martinez, S., Cristina, A., Ajusticia, B., Bergagna, S., Sardi, L., Capucchio, M.T., Bressan1, E., Dama1, A., Schiavone, A., Gasco, L., 2019. Partially defatted black soldier fly larva meal inclusion in piglet diets: effects on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profile, gut morphology and histological features. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 10, 1-12.
Boate, U.R., Suotonye, B.D., 2020. Cockroach (Periplaneta americana): Nutritional value as food and feed for man and livestock. Asian Food Science Journal 15, 37-46.
Boateng, M., Okai, Y.O.F., Ntim, A., Acheampong, Y.S., 2018. Entomophagous response of albino rats to cockroach (Periplaneta americana) meal. Open Agriculture Journal 3, 220-225.
Bovera, F., Loponte, R., Marono, S.; Piccolo, G., Parisi, G., Iaconisi, V., Gasco, L., Nizza, A., 2016. Use of larvae meal as protein source in broiler diet: Effect on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and carcass and meat traits. Journal of Animal Science 94, 639-647.
Bukkens, S.G.F., 1997. The nutritional value of edible insects. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 36, 287-319.
Cardoso, C., Afonso, C., Lourenco, H., Costa, S., Nunes, M.L., 2015. Bioaccessibility assessment methodologies and their consequences for the risk–benefit evaluation of food. Trends in Food Science and Technology 41, 5-23.
Chakravorty, J., Ghosh, S., Jung, C., Meyer-Rochow, V.B., 2014. Nutritional composition of Chondacris rosea and Brachytrupes orientalis: Two common insects used as food by tribes of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 17, 407-415.
Chaudhari, S.S., Arakane, Y., Specht, C.A., Moussian, B., Boyle, D.L., Park, Y., Kramer, K.J., Beeman, R.W., Muthukrishnan, S., 2011. Knickkopf protein protects and organizes chitin in the newly synthesized insect exoskeleton. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, 17028-17033.
Chumpawadee, S., Sommart, K., Vongpralub, T., Pattarajinda, V., 2005. In sacco degradation characteristics of protein feed sources in Brahman-Thai native crossbred Steers. Walailak Journal of Science and Technology 2, 219-229.
Churchward-Venne, T.A., Pinckaers, P.J.M., van Loon, J.J.A., van Loon, L.J.C., 2017. Consideration of insects as a source of dietary protein for human consumption. Nutrition Reviews 75, 1035-1045.
Diener, S., Studt Solano, N.M., Roa Gutierrez, F., Zurbrugg, C., Tockner, K., 2011. Biological treatment of municipal organic waste using black soldier fly larvae. Waste and Biomass Valorization 2, 357-363.
Dobermann, D., Swift, J.A., Field, L.M., 2017. Opportunities and hurdles of edible insects for food and feed. Nutrition Bulletin 42, 293-308.
FAO, 2014. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Insects to feed the world). Paper presented at the 1st International Conference, 14-17 May; Wageningen, the Netherlands.
Finke, M.D., 2002. Complete nutrient composition of commercially raised invertebrates used as food for insectivores. Zoo Biology 21, 269-285.
Finke, M.D., 2004. Nutrient content of insects. In: Capinera, J.L. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Entomology. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, London, pp. 1562-1575.
Finke, M.D., 2007. Estimate of chitin in raw whole insects. Zoo Biology 26, 105-115.
Finke, M.D., Oonincx, D., 2014. Insects as food for insectivores. In: Morales-Ramos, J.L, Rojas, M.G., Shapiro-Ilan, D.I. (Eds.), Mass Production of Beneficial Organisms. Academic Press, USA, pp. 583-616.
Ghosh, S., Lee, S.M., Jung, C., Meyer-Rochow, V.B., 2017. Nutritional composition of five commercial edible insects in South Korea. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 20, 686-694.
Goiri, I., Oregui, L.M., Garcia-Rodriguez, A., 2010. Use of chitosans to modulate ruminal fermentation of a 50:50 forage-to-concentrate diet in sheep. Journal of Animal Science 88, 749-755.
Gonzalez, J., Andres, S., Rodriguez, C., Alvir, M., 2002. In situ evaluation of the protein value of soybean meal and processed full fat soybeans for ruminants. Animal Research 51, 455-464.
Iaconisi, V., Marono, S., Parisi, G., Gasco, L., Genovese, L., Maricchiolo, G., Bovera, F., Piccolo, G., 2017. Dietary inclusion of Tenebrio molitor larvae meal: effects on growth performance and final quality traits of Blackspot Sea bream (Pagellus bogaraveo). Aquaculture 476, 49-58.
IUPAC, 1979. Standard Methods for Analysis of Oils, Fats and Derivatives, 6th ed. (Fifth Edition Method II.D.19), Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 96-102.
Jayanegara, A., Yantina, N., Novandri, B., Laconi, E.B., Nahrowi, N., Ridla, M., 2017. Evaluation of some insects as potential feed ingredients for ruminants: chemical composition, in vitro rumen fermentation and methane emissions. Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture 42, 247-254.
Jiang, L.Y., Liu, X., Xia, C.L., Chen, K.X., He, S.Z., Liu, G.M., 2012. Research advance on chemical constituents and anti-tumor effects of Periplaneta americana. Medicinal Plants 3, 95-97.
Kamalaka, A., Canbolatb, O., Gurbuza, Y., Ozaya, O., 2005. In situ ruminal dry matter and crude protein degradability of plant and animal-derived protein sources in Southern Turkey. Small Ruminant Research 58, 134-141.
Khan, M.J., Nishida, T., Miyashige, T., Hodate, K., Abe, H., Kawakita, Y., 1998. Effects of protein supplement sources on digestibility of nutrients, balance of nitrogen and energy in goats and their in situ degradability in cattle. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 11, 673-679.
Klunder, H.C., Wolkers-Rooijackers, J., Korpela, J.M., Nout, M.J.R., 2012. Microbiological aspects of processing and storage of edible insects. Food Control 26, 628-631.
Kovitvadhi, A., Chundang, P., Thongprajukaew, K., Tirawattanawanich, C., Srikachar, S., Chotimanothum, B., 2019. Potential of insect meals as protein sources for meat-type ducks based on in vitro digestibility. Animal 9, 1-10.
Kulma, M., Plachy, V., Kourimska, L., Vrabec, V., Bubova, T., Adamkova, A., Hucko, B., 2016. Nutritional value of three Blattodea species used as feed foranimals. Journal of Animal and Feed Science 25, 354-360.
Li, D., Mansor, M., Zhuo, S.R., Woon, T., Anthony, M.A., Sinclair, A.J., 2002. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid contents of canned meats available in Australia. Food Australia 54, 311-315.
Magara, H.J.O., Niassy, S., Ayieko, M.A., Mukundamago, M., Egonyu, J.P., Tanga, C.M., Kimathi, E.K., Ongere, J.O., Fiaboe, K.K.M., Hugel, S., Orinda, M.A., Roos, N., Ekesi S., 2021. Edible crickets (Orthoptera) around the world: distribution, nutritional value, and other benefits: A review. Frontiers in Nutrition 7, 1-23.
Makkar, H.P.S., Tran, G., Heuze, V., Ankers, P., 2014. State-of-the-art on use of insects as animal feed. Animal Feed Science and Technology 197, 1-33.
Marono, S., Piccolo, G., Loponte, R., Di Meo, C., Attia, Y.A., Nizza, A., Bovera, F., 2015. In vitro crude protein digestibility of Tenebrio molitor and Hermetia illucens insect meals and its correlation with chemical composition traits. Italian Journal of Animal Science 14, 338-343.
Maxin, G., Ouellet, D.R., Lapierre, H., 2013. Ruminal degradability of dry matter, crude protein, and amino acids in soybean meal, canola meal, corn, and wheat dried distiller’s grains. Journal of Dairy Science 96, 5151-5160.
Mondal, G., Walli, T.K., Patra, A.K., 2008. In vitro and in sacco ruminal protein degradability of common Indian feed ingredients. Livestock Research for Rural Development 20, 1-11.
Narang, M.P., Lal, R., 1985. Evaluation of some agro-industrial wastes in the feed of Jersey calves. Agricultural Wastes 13, 15-21.
Nocek, J.E., Cummins, K.A., Polan, C.E., 1979. Ruminal disappearance of crude protein and dry matter in feeds and combined effects in formulated ration. Journal of Dairy Science 62, 1587–1598.
NRC, 2001. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7th revised ed. National Research Council, National Academy Press. Washington, DC, USA.
Ojha, S., Bekhit, A.E., Grune, T., Schluter, O.K., 2021. Bioavailability of nutrients from edible insects. Current Opinion in Food Science 41, 240-248.
Onsongo, V.O., Osuga, I.M., Gachuiri, C.K., Wachira, A.M., Miano, D.M., Tanga, C.M., Ekesi, S., Nakimbugwe, D., Fiaboe, K.K.M., 2018. Insects for income generation through animal feed: Effect of dietary replacement of soybean and fish meal with black soldier fly meal on broiler growth and economic performance. Journal of Economic Entomology 111, 1966-1973.
Orskov, E.R., McDonald, I., 1979. The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighed according to rate of passage. Journal of Agricultural Science 92, 499-503.
Payne, C.L.R., Scarborough, P., Rayner, M., Nonaka, K., 2016. A systematic review of nutrient composition data available for twelve commercially available edible insects, and comparison with reference values. Trends in Food Science and Technology 47, 69-77.
Pereira, C., Li, D., Sinclair, A.J., 2001. The α-linolenic acid content of green vegetables commonly available in Australia. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 71, 223-228.
Ramos-Elorduy, J., 2008. Energy supplied by edible insects from Mexico and their nutritional and ecological importance. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 47, 280-297.
Ramos-Elorduy, J., Gonzalez, E., Hernandez, A., 2002. Use of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) to recycle organic wastes and as feed for broiler chickens. Journal of Economic Entomology 95, 214-20.
Ramos-Elorduy, J., Moreno, J.M.P., Prado, E.E., Perez, M.A., Otero, J.L., de Guevara, O.L., 1997. Nutritional value of edible insects from the state of Oaxaca, Mexico. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 10, 142-157.
Rumpold, B.A., Schluter, O.K., 2013. Nutritional composition and safety aspects of edible insects. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 57, 802-823.
Salomone, R., Saija, G., Mondello, G., Giannetto, A., Fasulo, S., Savastano, D., 2017. Environmental impact of food waste bioconversion by insects: application of life cycle assessment to process using Hermetia illucens. Journal of Cleaner Production 140, 890-905.
SAS, 2003. SAS User’s Guide: Statistics. Version 9.1. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina. USA.
Sayed, W., Ibrahim, N., Hatab, M., Zhu, F., Rumpold, B., 2019. Comparative study of the use of insect meal from Spodoptera littoralis and Bactrocera zonata for feeding Japanese quail chicks. Animal 9, 1-14.
Schiavone, A., Cullere, M., De Marco, M., Meneguz, M., Biasato, I., Bergagna, S., Dezzutto, D., Gai, F., Dabbou, S., Gasco, L., Dalle Zotte, A., 2017. Partial or total replacement of soybean oil by black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L.) fat in broiler diets: effect on growth performances, feed-choice, blood traits. Italian Journal of Animal Science 6, 93-100.
Sikkema, A., 2015. Insects make animal feed sustainable. Resource for everyone at Wegeningen University Research, Netherlands.
Sinclair, A.J., Dunstan, G.A., Naughton, J.M., Sanigorski, A.J., O’dea, K., 1992. The lipid content and fatty acid composition of commercial marine and freshwater fish and mollusks from temperate Australian waters. Australian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics 49, 77-83.
Siulapwa, N.J., Nwambungu, A., Lungu, E., Sichilima, W., 2014. Nutritional value of four common edible insects in Zambia. International Journal of Scientific Research 3, 876-884.
St-Hilaire, S., Cranfill, K., McGuire, M., 2007. Fish offal recycling by the black soldier fly produces a foodstuff high in omega-3 fatty acids. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 38, 309-313.
Sule, S.O., Ojetayo, T.A., Sotolu, A.O., 2020. Cockroach (Periplanata americana) meal nutritive composition. FUW Trends in Science and Technology Journal 5, 238-240.
Taufek, N.M., Simarani, K., Muin, H., Aspani, F., Raji, A.A., Alias, Z., Abdul Razak, S.H., 2018. Inclusion of cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) meal in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) feed influences disease resistance. Journal of Fisheries 6, 623-631.
Tzompa-Sosa, D.A., Yi, L., van Valenberg, H.J.F., van Boekel, M.A.J.S., Lakemond, C.M.M., 2014. Insect lipid profile: aqueous versus organic solvent-based extraction methods. Food Research International 62, 1087-1094.
Van der Fels-Klerx, H.J., Camenzuli, L., Belluco, S., Meijer, N., Ricci, A., 2018. Food safety issues related to uses of insects for feeds and foods. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 17, 1172-1183.
Van Huis, A., 2016. Edible insects are the future. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. Cambridge University Press, UK. 75, 294-305.
Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B., Lewis, B.A., 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 3583-3597.
Wadwa, M., Dharum, P., Kataria, P., Bakshi, M.P.S., 1998. Effect of particle size of corn grains on the release of nutrients and in sacco degradability. Animal Feed Science and Technology 72, 11-17.
Wang, D., Zhai, S.W., Zhang, C.X., Bai, Y.Y., An, S.H., Xu, Y.N., 2005. Evaluation on nutritional value of field crickets as a poultry feedstuff. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 18, 667-670.
WenXiu, J., Wang, Y., Tang, J., 2010. Apparent digestibility coefficients of selected feed ingredients for Japanese sea bass (Lateolabra japonicus) reared in sea water. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China 34, 101‐107.
Womeni, H.M., Linder, M., Tiencheu, B., Mbiapo, F.T., Villeneuve, P., Fanni, J., Parmentier, M., 2009. Oils of insects and larvae consumed in Africa: potential sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids. OCL- Oilseeds and Fats, Crops and Lipids Journal 16, 230-235.
Woods, V., Moloney, A., O’Mara, F., 2003. The nutritive value of concentrate feedstuffs for ruminant animals. Part II: In situ ruminal degradability of crude protein. Animal Feed Science and Technology 110, 131-143.
Yang, L.F., Siriamornpun, S., Li, D., 2006. Polyunsaturated fatty acid content of edible insects in Thailand. Journal of Food Lipids 13, 277-285.
Yin, W., Liu, J., Liu, H., Lv, B., 2017. Nutritional value, food ingredients, chemical and species composition of edible insects in China. In: Mikkola, H. (Ed.), Future Food. Janeza Trdine, Croatia, pp. 27-53.
Zielinska, E., Baraniak, B., Karas, M., Rybczynska, K., Jakubczyk, A., 2015. Selected species of edible insects as a source of nutrient composition. Food Research International 77, 460-466.
 
Journal of Livestock Science and Technologies
Volume 10, Issue 1
June 2022
Pages 19-29

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics