Effect of mash and pellet diets containing different sources of fiber on the growth performance and cecal microbial population of broiler chickens

Document Type : Original Research Article (Regular Paper)

Authors

1 Department of Animal Science, Animal Science and Food Technology Faculty, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Ahvaz, Iran.

2 Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran

3 Executive of Salamatdan Dezful Company, Khuzestan, Dezful, Iran

Abstract

The effects of different sources of fiber in mash or pellet diets on growth performance and cecal microbial population of broiler chicken were studied for 42 days. The experimental design was completely randomized with 10 treatments arranged as a 2 × 5 factorial with 2 feed forms (mash vs. pelleted) and 5 diets consisted of 4 feeds containing 4 different fiber sources (i.e., sugar-beet pulp (SBP), wheat bran (WB), sunflower hull (SFH), all of which in 30 g/kg of diet and cellulose (CEL) in 5 g/kg of diet) and a control diet. The results showed that in the starter phase, all diets in pellet form results in a higher BWG of birds compared to those fed mashed forms of fiber sources and control diet (P < 0.05). Also, feed conversion ratio (FCR) was improved in birds offered diets contained fiber, except for SBP, in the pelleted form, compared to the birds fed fiber in mashed forms, in the starter phase (p <0.05). Birds fed pelleted diets containing WB and SFH had lower (P < 0.05) Coliforms and E. coli populations in the cecum, compared to the other treatments. Dietary inclusion of SFH and CEL in pellet form reduced blood TG. In summary, pelleting the diets contained WB, SFH, and CEL was more beneficial for improving FCR than the inclusion of SBP at starter phase. Also, the results suggest that the inclusion of 30 g/kg of natural fibers or 5 g/kg of CEL in the diets, based on corn-soybean meal, can improve the growth performance, with effects being more pronounced in pellet-fed birds than in mash-fed ones.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

References
Abdollahi, M.R., Ravindran, V., 2013. Influence of pellet length on pellet quality and performance of broiler starters. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 22, 516-522.
Abdollahi, M.R., Ravindran, V., Svihus, B., 2013. Pelleting of broiler diets: an overview with emphasis on pellet quality and nutritional value. Animal Feed Science and Technology 179, 1-23.
Abdollahi, M.R., Ravindran, V., Wester, T. J., Ravindran, G., Thomas, D.V., 2010. Influence of conditioning temperature on performance, apparent metabolisable energy, ileal digestibility of starch and nitrogen and the quality of pellets, in broiler starters fed maize- and sorghum-based diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 162, 106-115.
Abdollahi, M.R., Ravindran, V., Wester, T. J., Ravindran, G., Thomas, D.V., 2011. Influence of feed form and conditioning temperature on performance, apparent metabolisable energy and ileal digestibility of starch and nitrogen in broiler starters fed wheat-based diet. Animal Feed Science and Technology 168, 88-99.
Annett, C., Viste, J., Chirino-Trejo, M., Classen, H., Middleton, D., Simko, E., 2002. Necrotic enteritis: Effect of barley, wheat and corn diets on proliferation of Costridium perfringens type A. Avian Pathology 31, 598-601.
AOAC, 2000. Official Methods of Analysis. 18th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC, USA.
Baurhoo, B., Phillip, l., Ruiz-Feria, C.A., 2007. Effects of purified lignin and mannan oligosaccharides on intestinal integrity and microbial populations in the ceca and litter of broiler chickens. Poultry Science 86, 1070-1078.
Bedford, M.R., Cowieson, A.J., 2012. Exogenous enzymes and their effects on intestinal microbiology. Animal Feed Science and Technology 173, 76-85.
Bjerrum, l., Pedersen, A.B., Engberg, R.M., 2005. The influence of whole wheat feeding on Salmonella infection and gut flora composition in broilers. Avian Diseases 49, 9-15.
Bogusławska-Tryk, M., Szymeczko, R., Piotrowska, A., Burlikowska, K., Śliżewska, K., 2015. Ileal and cecal microbial population and short-chain fatty acid profile in broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with lignocellulose. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 35, 212-216.
Boroojeni, F.G., Svihus, B., Reichenbach, H.G., Zentek, J., 2016. The effects of hydrothermal processing on feed hygiene, nutrient availability, intestinal microbiota and morphology in poultry–A review. Animal Feed Science and Technology 220, 187-215.
Brickett, K.E., Dahiya, J.P., Classen, H.L., Gomis, S., 2007. Influence of dietary nutrient density, feed form, and lighting on growth and meat yield of broiler chickens. Poultry Science 86, 2172-2181.
Cao, B.H., Zhang, X.P., Guo, Y.M., Karasawa, Y., Kumao, T., 2003. Effects of dietary cellulose levels on growth, nitrogen utilization, retention time of diets in digestive tract and caecal microflora of chickens. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 16, 863-866.
Choct, M., Hughes, R., Wang, J., Bedford, M., Morgan, A., Annison, G., 1996. Increased small intestinal fermentation is partly responsible for the anti-nutritive activity of non-starch polysaccharides in chickens. British Poultry Science 37, 609-621.
Classen, H., 1996. Cereal grain starch and exogenous enzymes in poultry diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 62, 21-27.
Corzo, A., Mejia, l., Loar, R.E., 2011. Effect of pellet quality on various broiler production parameters. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 20, 68-74.
Debon, S.J., tester, R.F. 2001. In vitro binding of calcium, iron and zinc by non-starch polysaccharides. Food Chemistry 73, 401-410.
Duncan, D.B. 1955. Multiple range and multiple F test. Biometrics 11, 42.
Edwards, C., Johnson, I., Read, N., 1988. Do viscous polysaccharides slow absorption by inhibiting diffusion or convection? European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 42, 307-312.
Engberg, R.M., Hedemann, M.S., Jensen, B.B., 2002. The influence of grinding and pelleting of feed on the microbial composition and activity in the digestive tract to broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 43, 569-579.
Gonz´alez-Alvarado, J.M., Jim´enez-Moreno, E., Gonz´alez- S´anchez, D., L´azaro, R., Mateos, G.G., 2010. Effect of inclusion of oat hulls and sugar beet pulp in the diet on productive performance and digestive traits of broilers from 1 to 42 days of age. Animal Feed Science and Technology 162, 37-46.
Gonz´alez-Alvarado, J.M., Jim´enez-Moreno, E., L´azaro, R., Mateos, G.G., 2007. Effect of type of cereal, heat processing of the cereal, and inclusion of fiber in the diet on productive performance and digestive traits of broilers. Poultry Science 86, 1705-1715.
Gonz´alez-Alvarado, J.M., Jim´enez-Moreno, E., Valencia, D.G., L´azaro, R., Mateos, G.G., 2008. Effects of fiber source and heat processing of the cereal on the development and pH of the gastrointestinal tract of broilers fed diets based on corn or rice. Poultry Science 87, 1779-1795.
Guban, J., Korver, D.R., Allison, G.E., Tannock, G.W., 2006. Relationship of dietary antimicrobial drug administration with broiler performance, decreased population levels of Lactobacillus salivarius, and reduced bile salt deconjugation in the ileum of broiler chickens. Poultry Science 85, 2186-2194.
Guzman, P., Saldana, B., Kimiaeitalab, M.V., Garcia, J., Mateos, G.G., 2015. Inclusion of fiber in diets for brown-egg laying pullets: Effects on growth performance and digestive tract traits from hatching to 17 weeks of age. Poultry Science 94, 2722-2733.
Hetland, H., Svihus, B., Krögdahl, Å., 2003. Effects of oat hulls and wood shavings on digestion in broilers and layers fed diets based on whole or ground wheat. British Poultry Science 44, 275-282.
Hollenbeck, C.B., Coulston, A.M., Reaven, G.M., 1986. To what extent does increased dietary fiber improve glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 43, 16-24.
Hughes, R.J., 2008. Relationship between digesta transit time and apparent metabolisable energy value of wheat in chickens. British Poultry Science 49, 716-720.
Janssen, W.M.M.A., 1989. European Table of Energy Values for Poultry Feedstuffs. 3rd ed. Beekbergen, Netherlands, Spelderholt Center for Poultry Research and Information Services.
Jia, W., Slominski, B., Bruce, H., Blank, G., Crow, G., Jones, O., 2009. Effects of diet type and enzyme addition on growth performance and gut health of broiler chickens during subclinical Clostridium perfringens challenge. Poultry Science 8, 132-140.
Jim´enez-Moreno, E., Chamorro, S., Frikha, M., Safaa, H.M., L´azaro, R., Mateos, G.G., 2011. Effects of increasing levels of pea hulls in the diet on productive performance, development of the gastrointestinal tract, and nutrient retention of broilers from one to eighteen days of age. Animal Feed Science and Technology 168, 100-112.
Jim´enez-Moreno, E., De Coca-Sinova, A., Gonz´alez-Alvarado, J.M., Mateos, G.G., 2016. Insoluble fiber sources in mash or pellet diets for young broilers. 1. Effects on growth performance and water intake. Poultry Science 95, 41-52.
Jim´enez-Moreno, E., Frikha, M., De Coca-Sinova, A., Garcia, J., Mateos, G.G., 2013. Oat hulls and sugar beet pulp in diets for broilers 1. Effects on growth performance and nutrient digestibility. Animal Feed Science and Technology 182, 33-43.
Jim´enez-Moreno, E., Gonz´alez-Alvarado, J.M., De Coca-Sinova, A., L´azaro, R.P., Camara, L., Mateos, G.G., 2019. Insoluble fiber sources in mash or pellets diets for young broilers. 2. Effects on gastrointestinal tract development and nutrient digestibility. Poultry Science 98, 2531-2547.
Jim´enez-Moreno, E., Gonz´alez-Alvarado, J.M., Gonz´alez- S´anchez, D., L´azaro, R., Mateos, G.G., 2010. Effects of type and particle size of dietary fiber on growth performance and digestive traits of broilers from 1 to 21 days of age. Poultry Science 89, 2197-2212.
Jim´enez-Moreno, E., Romero, C., Berrocoso, J.D., Frikha, M., Mateos, G. G., 2011. Effects of the inclusion of oat hulls or sugar beet pulp in the diet on gizzard characteristics, apparent ileal digestibility of nutrients, and microbial count in the ceca in 36-day-old broilers reared on floor. Poultry Science 90 (E-Suppl. 1), 153.
Johnson, I., Gee, J.M., 1981. Effect of gel-forming gums on the intestinal unstirred layer and sugar transport in vitro. Gut 22, 398-403.
Kalmendal, R., Elwinger, K., Holm, L., Tauson, R., 2011. High fibre sunflower cake affects small intestinal digestion and health in broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 52, 86-96.
Kheravii, S., Swick, R., Choct, M., Wu, S.B., 2017a. Coarse particle inclusion and lignocellulose-rich fiber addition in feed benefit performance and health of broiler chickens. Poultry Science 96, 3272-3281.
Kheravii, S., Swick, R., Choct, M., Wu, S.B., 2017b. Dietary sugarcane bagasse and coarse particle size of corn are beneficial to performance and gizzard development in broilers fed normal and high sodium diets. Poultry Science 96, 4006-4016.
Knudsen, K.B., Lærke, H.N., Hedemann, M.S., 2008. The role of fibre in piglet gut health. In: Taylor-Pickard, J.A., Spring, P. (Eds.), Gut Efficiency; the key ingredient in pig and poultry production. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, pp. 65-95.
Lv, M., Yan, L., Wang, Z., An, S. Wu, M., Lv, Z., 2015. Effects of feed form and feed particle size on growth performance, carcass characteristics and digestive tract development of broilers. Animal Nutrition 1, 252-256.
Maiorka, A., Dahlke, F., Kessler, A.M., Penz, A.M. Jr., 2005. Diets formulated on total or digestible amino acid basis with different energy levels and physical form on broiler performance. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 7, 47-50.
Maisonnier, S., Gomez, J., Carré, B., 2001. Nutrient digestibility and intestinal viscosities in broiler chickens fed on wheat diets, as compared to maize diets with added guar gum. British Poultry Science 42, 102-110.
Manhire, A., Henry, C.L., Hartog, M., Heaton, K.W., 1981. Unrefined carbohydrate and dietary fibre in treatment of Diabetes mellitus. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 35, 99-101.
Market, W., Backers, T., 2003. Raw fiber concentrates designed according to the market needs. Feed Mix 11, 8-11.
Mateos, G.G., Jim´enez-Moreno, E., Serrano, M.P., L´azaro, R., 2012. Poultry response to high levels of dietary fiber sources varying in physical and chemical characteristics. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 21, 156-174.
Meyer, K.A., Lawrence, H.K., David, R.J. Jr., Joanne, S., Thomas, A.S., Aaron, R.F., 2000. Carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and incident type 2 diabetes in older women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71, 921-30.
Mirghelenj, S.A., Golian, A., 2009. Effects of feed form on development of digestive tract, performance and carcass traits of broiler chickens. Journal of Animal Veterinary Advances 8, 1911-1915.
Mohiti-Asli, M., Shivazad, M., Zaghari, M., Rezaian, M., Aminzadeh, S., Mateos, G.G., 2012. Effects of feeding regimen, fiber inclusion, and crude protein content of the diet on performance and egg quality and hatchability of eggs of broiler breeder hens. Poultry Science 91, 3097-3106.
Mourao, J.L., Pinheiro, V.M., Prates, J.A.M., Bessa, R.J.B., Ferreira, L.M.A., Fontes, C.M.G.A., Ponte, P.I.P., 2008. Effect of dietary dehydrated pasture and citrus pulp on the performance and meat quality of broiler chickens. Poultry Science 87, 733-743.
NRC, 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th ed. National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.
Parsons, A.S., Buchanan, N.P., Blemings, K.P., Wilson, M.E., Mortiz, J.S., 2006. Effect of corn particle size and pellet texture on broiler performance in the growing phase. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 15, 245-55.
Rahmatnejad, E., Saki., A.A., 2016. Effect of dietary fibres on small intestine histomorphology and lipid metabolism in young broiler chickens. Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 100, 665-672.
Rama Rao, S.V., Raju, M.V.L.N., Panda, A.K., Reddy, M.R., 2006. Sunflower seed meal as a substitute for soybean meal in commercial broiler chicken diets. British Poultry Science 47, 592-598.
Rama Rao, S.V., Raju, M.V.L.N., Reddy, M.R. Panda, A.K., 2004. Replacement of yellow maize with pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides), foxtail millet (Setaria italica) or finger millet (Elusine coracana) in broiler chicken diets containing supplemental enzymes. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 17, 836-842.
Rezaeipour, V., Gazani, S., 2014. Effects of feed form and feed particle size with dietary L-threonine supplementation on performance, carcass characteristics and blood biochemical parameters of broiler chickens. Journal of Animal Science and Technology 56, 1-5.‏
Rhodes, J.M. 1989. Colonic mucus and mucosal glycoproteins: the key to colitis and cancer? Gut 30, 1660-1666.
Sadeghi, A., Toghyani, M., Gheisari, A., 2015. Effect of various fiber types and choice feeding of fiber on performance, gut development, humoral immunity, and fiber preference in broiler chicks. Poultry Science 94, 2734-2743.
Santos, F.B.O., Jr Santos, A.A., Ferket, P.R., Sheldon, B.W., 2006. Influence of grain particle size and insoluble fibre content on salmonella colonization and shedding of turkeys fed corn soybean meal diet. International Journal of Poultry Science 5, 731-739.
Sarikhan, M., Aghdam Shahryar, H., Nazer-Adl, K., Gholizadeh, B., Behesht, B., 2009. Effects of insoluble fibre on serum biochemical characteristics in broiler. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 11, 73-76.
SAS, 2002. SAS User’s Guide: Statistics. Version 9.1. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina. USA.
Sellers, R.S., Harris, Jr.G.C., Waldroup, P.W., 1980. The effects of various dietary clays and fillers on the performance of broilers and laying hens. Poultry Science 59, 1901-906.
Serrano, M. P., Frikha, M., Corchero, J., Mateos, G.G., 2013. Influence of feed form and source of soybean meal on growth performance, nutrient retention, and digestive organ size of broilers. 2. Battery study. Poultry Science 92, 693-08.
Serrano, M.P., Valencia, D.G., Mendez, J., Mateos, G.G., 2012. Influence of feed form and source of soybean meal of the diet on growth performance of broilers from 1 to 42 days of age. 1. Floor pen study. Poultry Science 91, 2838-844.
Setlow, P., 2014. Germination of spores of Bacillus species: What we know and do not know. Journal of Bacteriology 196, 1297-305.
Shakouri, M., Kermanshahi, H., Mohsenzadeh, M., 2006. Effect of different non starch polysaccharides in semi purified diets on performance and intestinal microflora of young broiler chickens. International Journal of Poultry Science 5, 557-561.
Shirzadegan, K., Taheri, H.R., 2017. Insoluble fibres affected the performance, carcass characteristics and serum lipid of broiler chickens fed wheat-based diet. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science 7, 109-117.
Smits, C.H.M., Veldman, A., Verstegen, M.W.A., Beynen, A.C., 1997. Dietary carboxy methyl cellulose with high instead of low viscosity reduces macronutrient digestion in broiler chickens. Journal of Nutrition 127, 483-487.
Svihus, B., 2011. The gizzard: function, influence of diet structure and effects on nutrient availability. Worlds Poultry Science Journal 67, 207– 224.
Svihus, B., 2014. Function of the digestive system. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 23, 306-314.
Svihus, B., Hetland, H., 2001. Ileal starch digestibility in growing broiler chickens fed on a wheat-based diet is improved by mash feeding, dilution with cellulose or whole wheat inclusion. British Poultry Science 42, 633-637.
Svihus, B., Klovstad, K.H., Perez, V., Zimonja, O., Sahlstrom, S., Schuller, R.B., Jeksrud, W.K., Prestlokken, E., 2004. Physical and nutritional effects of pelleting of broiler chicken diets made from wheat ground to different coarsenesses by the use of roller mill and hammer mill. Animal Feed Science and Technology 117, 281-293.
Svihus, B., Sacranie, A., Denstadli, V., Choct, M., 2010. Nutrient utilization and functionality of the anterior digestive tract caused by intermittent feeding and inclusion of whole wheat in diets for broiler chickens. Poultry Science 89, 2617-2625.
Taheri, H.R., Tanha, N., Shahir, M.H., 2016. Effect of wheat bran inclusion in barley-based diet on villus morphology of jejunum, serum cholesterol, abdominal fat and growth performance of broiler chickens. Journal of Animal Science and Technology 4, 9-16.
Van Soest, P.J., 2006. Rice straw, the role of silica and treatments to improve quality. Animal Feed Science and Technology 130, 137-71.
Van Soest, P.V., Robertson, J.B., Lewis, B.A., 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 3583-3597.
Vermeulen, K., Verspreet, J., Courtin, C.M., Haesebrouck, F., Baeyen, S., Haegeman, A., 2018. Reduced-particle-size wheat bran is efficiently colonized by a lactic acid-producing community and reduces levels of Enterobacteriaceae in the cecal microbiota of broilers. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 84, 1-14
Zatari, I.M., Sell, J.L., 1990. Effects of pelleting diets containing sunflower meal on the performance of broiler chickens. Animal Feed Science and Technology 30, 121-129.
Journal of Livestock Science and Technologies
Volume 9, Issue 1
June 2021
Pages 9-22

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics